Complete Mitochondrial DNA Sequences

The revised Cambridge Reference Sequence (rCRS) is GenBank number NC_012920.
Please use this new number when citing the rCRS in publications. The rCRS is a reference sequence, not a "consensus" sequence. It is a single reference individual from haplogroup H2a2 and has been used as a standard for reporting variants for over 30 years.

View MITOMAP's fully annotated rCRS sequence here.
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The Cambridge Reference Sequence, revised & original:

Version	GenBank #	Fasta format	Article links
Revised Cambridge Reference Sequence ("rCRS") Two identical versions of the rCRS are available on Genbank. NC_012920, formerly AC_000021.2, is in Genbank's RefSeq database. It is the most commonly used rCRS and is the standard comparison sequence for human mtDNA research. For new publications, please cite NC_012920 as the rCRS. J01415.2 is a fully corrected update of the original Cambridge sequence and is identical to NC_012920.	NC_012920 gi:251831106	rCRS-fasta	Andrews et al 1999 (PubMed) Read the paper (PDF) Summary table of corrections.
Original Cambridge Reference Sequence ("CRS")	J01415 gi:337188	CRS1981-fasta	Anderson et al 1981 (PubMed) Read the paper (PDF)

Other comparison hmtDNAs in GenBank & elsewhere:

African (Yoruba) Sequence AF347015, formerly NC_001807.4. This sequence has over 40 variant nucleotides from the rCRS.
African (Uganda) Sequence D38112 This sequence has over 90 variant nucleotides from the rCRS.
Swedish Sequence X93334 This sequence has over 30 variant nucleotides from the rCRS.
Japanese Sequence AB055387 This sequence has over 50 variant nucleotides from the rCRS.
Root Sequence of Behar et al, 2012 This is an artificial sequence constructed for rooting phylogenetic trees, the "RSRS".

To find >18,000 complete human mtDNAs in GenBank: execute search

*includes sequences that are complete coding region but minus the control region (15400 nucleotides minimum).

To find >10,000 other complete eukaryote (non-human) mtDNA genomes in GenBank: execute search.

Partial and full sequences are also available for Homo sapiens neanderthalensis and Homo sp. Altai mtDNA.

Representative Complete Mitochondrial Genomes of >3500 different organisms are listed at NCBI.

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