Revised Cambridge Reference Sequence (rCRS) of the Human Mitochondrial DNA

The rCRS sequence is a fully corrected version of the original Cambridge Reference Sequence.
The rCRS is GenBank sequence NC_012920 gi:251831106

Get the more information about the rCRS and download the rCRS plus other complete mtDNA reference sequences at GenBank here.

IMPORTANT: Do not use RefSeq NC_001807 as "the rCRS" as it is an African (Yoruban) sequence with over 40 variant nucleotides from the rCRS. On July 8, 2009 the sequence was removed from GenBank as a reference sequence but may be found, if needed, as AF347015, one of 53 African sequence deposited in Genbank by Ingman et al in 2001. Unfortunately, mistaken use of this Yoruban sequence as the rCRS is still seen occasionally in new publications today.



The rCRS sequence below is the Cambridge Reference Sequence Anderson et al 1981 as revised by Andrews et al 1999. It differs from the original CRS and other complete mtDNA GenBank sequences in that it has eighteen corrected or confirmed nucleotides as annotated below. See the summary table of the reanalysis by Andrews et al.

  • Seven nucleotides are considered to be rare polymorphisms and were determined to be correct as originally sequenced (J01415 gi:337188). Reference alleles 263A (m.263=), a 5C polytract at 311C-315C (m.311_315=) instead of a common 6C polytract with m.315_316insC, 750A (m.750=), 1438A (m.1438=), 4769A (m.4769=), 8860A (m.8860=), and 15326A (m.15326=) are considered to be rare polymorphisms and are maintained as part of the true reference sequence. The seven rare polymorphisms are shown below in bold green capital letters.

  • Eleven nucleotide errors in the original CRS have been corrected by re-sequencing the original placental material. Nucleotides 3107del*, 3423T (m.3423=), 4985A (m.4985=), 9559C (m.9559=), 11335C (m.11335=), 13702C (m.13702=), 14199T (m.14199=), 14272C (m.14272=), 14365C (m.14365=), 14368C (m.14368=), 14766C (m.14766=) are corrections of the original Cambridge sequence (J01415 gi:337188). The errors in the original Cambridge sequence have been attributed to sequencing errors (8 instances) and to the inclusion of bovine (2 instances) or HeLa (1 instance) DNA. See summary table. Corrected sequencing errors are shown below in bold red capital letters. *3107del is maintained in this revised sequence with the gap represented by an 'N'. THIS ALLOWS HISTORICAL NUCLEOTIDE NUMBERING TO BE MAINTAINED. [Note: We would have preferred to have used a "-" , "d" , or "x" at 3107, but these were not allowed in a Reference Sequence by GenBank. When submitting mtDNA sequences to GenBank, please do NOT include 3107 as an "N". Please submit your actual sequence or use "-" to indicate a gap.]

  • For strand composition asymmetry and an explanation of L-strand/H-strand terminology, click here.

    
    1 gatcacaggt ctatcaccct attaaccact cacgggagct ctccatgcat ttggtatttt
   61 cgtctggggg gtatgcacgc gatagcattg cgagacgctg gagccggagc accctatgtc
  121 gcagtatctg tctttgattc ctgcctcatc ctattattta tcgcacctac gttcaatatt
  181 acaggcgaac atacttacta aagtgtgtta attaattaat gcttgtagga cataataata
  241 acaattgaat gtctgcacag ccActttcca cacagacatc ataacaaaaa atttccacca
  301 aaccccccct CCCCCgcttc tggccacagc acttaaacac atctctgcca aaccccaaaa
  361 acaaagaacc ctaacaccag cctaaccaga tttcaaattt tatcttttgg cggtatgcac
  421 ttttaacagt caccccccaa ctaacacatt attttcccct cccactccca tactactaat
  481 ctcatcaata caacccccgc ccatcctacc cagcacacac acaccgctgc taaccccata
  541 ccccgaacca accaaacccc aaagacaccc cccacagttt atgtagctta cctcctcaaa
  601 gcaatacact gaaaatgttt agacgggctc acatcacccc ataaacaaat aggtttggtc
  661 ctagcctttc tattagctct tagtaagatt acacatgcaa gcatccccgt tccagtgagt
  721 tcaccctcta aatcaccacg atcaaaaggA acaagcatca agcacgcagc aatgcagctc
  781 aaaacgctta gcctagccac acccccacgg gaaacagcag tgattaacct ttagcaataa
  841 acgaaagttt aactaagcta tactaacccc agggttggtc aatttcgtgc cagccaccgc
  901 ggtcacacga ttaacccaag tcaatagaag ccggcgtaaa gagtgtttta gatcaccccc
  961 tccccaataa agctaaaact cacctgagtt gtaaaaaact ccagttgaca caaaatagac
 1021 tacgaaagtg gctttaacat atctgaacac acaatagcta agacccaaac tgggattaga
 1081 taccccacta tgcttagccc taaacctcaa cagttaaatc aacaaaactg ctcgccagaa
 1141 cactacgagc cacagcttaa aactcaaagg acctggcggt gcttcatatc cctctagagg
 1201 agcctgttct gtaatcgata aaccccgatc aacctcacca cctcttgctc agcctatata
 1261 ccgccatctt cagcaaaccc tgatgaaggc tacaaagtaa gcgcaagtac ccacgtaaag
 1321 acgttaggtc aaggtgtagc ccatgaggtg gcaagaaatg ggctacattt tctaccccag
 1381 aaaactacga tagcccttat gaaacttaag ggtcgaaggt ggatttagca gtaaactAag  Back to Top

 1441 agtagagtgc ttagttgaac agggccctga agcgcgtaca caccgcccgt caccctcctc
 1501 aagtatactt caaaggacat ttaactaaaa cccctacgca tttatataga ggagacaagt
 1561 cgtaacatgg taagtgtact ggaaagtgca cttggacgaa ccagagtgta gcttaacaca
 1621 aagcacccaa cttacactta ggagatttca acttaacttg accgctctga gctaaaccta
 1681 gccccaaacc cactccacct tactaccaga caaccttagc caaaccattt acccaaataa
 1741 agtataggcg atagaaattg aaacctggcg caatagatat agtaccgcaa gggaaagatg
 1801 aaaaattata accaagcata atatagcaag gactaacccc tataccttct gcataatgaa
 1861 ttaactagaa ataactttgc aaggagagcc aaagctaaga cccccgaaac cagacgagct
 1921 acctaagaac agctaaaaga gcacacccgt ctatgtagca aaatagtggg aagatttata
 1981 ggtagaggcg acaaacctac cgagcctggt gatagctggt tgtccaagat agaatcttag
 2041 ttcaacttta aatttgccca cagaaccctc taaatcccct tgtaaattta actgttagtc
 2101 caaagaggaa cagctctttg gacactagga aaaaaccttg tagagagagt aaaaaattta
 2161 acacccatag taggcctaaa agcagccacc aattaagaaa gcgttcaagc tcaacaccca
 2221 ctacctaaaa aatcccaaac atataactga actcctcaca cccaattgga ccaatctatc
 2281 accctataga agaactaatg ttagtataag taacatgaaa acattctcct ccgcataagc
 2341 ctgcgtcaga ttaaaacact gaactgacaa ttaacagccc aatatctaca atcaaccaac
 2401 aagtcattat taccctcact gtcaacccaa cacaggcatg ctcataagga aaggttaaaa
 2461 aaagtaaaag gaactcggca aatcttaccc cgcctgttta ccaaaaacat cacctctagc
 2521 atcaccagta ttagaggcac cgcctgccca gtgacacatg tttaacggcc gcggtaccct
 2581 aaccgtgcaa aggtagcata atcacttgtt ccttaaatag ggacctgtat gaatggctcc
 2641 acgagggttc agctgtctct tacttttaac cagtgaaatt gacctgcccg tgaagaggcg
 2701 ggcataacac agcaagacga gaagacccta tggagcttta atttattaat gcaaacagta
 2761 cctaacaaac ccacaggtcc taaactacca aacctgcatt aaaaatttcg gttggggcga
 2821 cctcggagca gaacccaacc tccgagcagt acatgctaag acttcaccag tcaaagcgaa
 2881 ctactatact caattgatcc aataacttga ccaacggaac aagttaccct agggataaca
 2941 gcgcaatcct attctagagt ccatatcaac aatagggttt acgacctcga tgttggatca
 3001 ggacatcccg atggtgcagc cgctattaaa ggttcgtttg ttcaacgatt aaagtcctac
 3061 gtgatctgag ttcagaccgg agtaatccag gtcggtttct atctacNttc aaattcctcc
 3121 ctgtacgaaa ggacaagaga aataaggcct acttcacaaa gcgccttccc ccgtaaatga
 3181 tatcatctca acttagtatt atacccacac ccacccaaga acagggtttg ttaagatggc
 3241 agagcccggt aatcgcataa aacttaaaac tttacagtca gaggttcaat tcctcttctt
 3301 aacaacatac ccatggccaa cctcctactc ctcattgtac ccattctaat cgcaatggca
 3361 ttcctaatgc ttaccgaacg aaaaattcta ggctatatac aactacgcaa aggccccaac
 3421 gtTgtaggcc cctacgggct actacaaccc ttcgctgacg ccataaaact cttcaccaaa Back to Top
 3481 gagcccctaa aacccgccac atctaccatc accctctaca tcaccgcccc gaccttagct
 3541 ctcaccatcg ctcttctact atgaaccccc ctccccatac ccaaccccct ggtcaacctc
 3601 aacctaggcc tcctatttat tctagccacc tctagcctag ccgtttactc aatcctctga
 3661 tcagggtgag catcaaactc aaactacgcc ctgatcggcg cactgcgagc agtagcccaa
 3721 acaatctcat atgaagtcac cctagccatc attctactat caacattact aataagtggc
 3781 tcctttaacc tctccaccct tatcacaaca caagaacacc tctgattact cctgccatca
 3841 tgacccttgg ccataatatg atttatctcc acactagcag agaccaaccg aacccccttc
 3901 gaccttgccg aaggggagtc cgaactagtc tcaggcttca acatcgaata cgccgcaggc
 3961 cccttcgccc tattcttcat agccgaatac acaaacatta ttataataaa caccctcacc
 4021 actacaatct tcctaggaac aacatatgac gcactctccc ctgaactcta cacaacatat
 4081 tttgtcacca agaccctact tctaacctcc ctgttcttat gaattcgaac agcatacccc
 4141 cgattccgct acgaccaact catacacctc ctatgaaaaa acttcctacc actcacccta
 4201 gcattactta tatgatatgt ctccataccc attacaatct ccagcattcc ccctcaaacc
 4261 taagaaatat gtctgataaa agagttactt tgatagagta aataatagga gcttaaaccc
 4321 ccttatttct aggactatga gaatcgaacc catccctgag aatccaaaat tctccgtgcc
 4381 acctatcaca ccccatccta aagtaaggtc agctaaataa gctatcgggc ccataccccg
 4441 aaaatgttgg ttataccctt cccgtactaa ttaatcccct ggcccaaccc gtcatctact
 4501 ctaccatctt tgcaggcaca ctcatcacag cgctaagctc gcactgattt tttacctgag
 4561 taggcctaga aataaacatg ctagctttta ttccagttct aaccaaaaaa ataaaccctc
 4621 gttccacaga agctgccatc aagtatttcc tcacgcaagc aaccgcatcc ataatccttc
 4681 taatagctat cctcttcaac aatatactct ccggacaatg aaccataacc aatactacca
 4741 atcaatactc atcattaata atcataatAg ctatagcaat aaaactagga atagccccct
 4801 ttcacttctg agtcccagag gttacccaag gcacccctct gacatccggc ctgcttcttc
 4861 tcacatgaca aaaactagcc cccatctcaa tcatatacca aatctctccc tcactaaacg
 4921 taagccttct cctcactctc tcaatcttat ccatcatagc aggcagttga ggtggattaa
 4981 accaAaccca gctacgcaaa atcttagcat actcctcaat tacccacata ggatgaataa  Back to Top

 5041 tagcagttct accgtacaac cctaacataa ccattcttaa tttaactatt tatattatcc
 5101 taactactac cgcattccta ctactcaact taaactccag caccacgacc ctactactat
 5161 ctcgcacctg aaacaagcta acatgactaa cacccttaat tccatccacc ctcctctccc
 5221 taggaggcct gcccccgcta accggctttt tgcccaaatg ggccattatc gaagaattca
 5281 caaaaaacaa tagcctcatc atccccacca tcatagccac catcaccctc cttaacctct
 5341 acttctacct acgcctaatc tactccacct caatcacact actccccata tctaacaacg
 5401 taaaaataaa atgacagttt gaacatacaa aacccacccc attcctcccc acactcatcg
 5461 cccttaccac gctactccta cctatctccc cttttatact aataatctta tagaaattta
 5521 ggttaaatac agaccaagag ccttcaaagc cctcagtaag ttgcaatact taatttctgt
 5581 aacagctaag gactgcaaaa ccccactctg catcaactga acgcaaatca gccactttaa
 5641 ttaagctaag cccttactag accaatggga cttaaaccca caaacactta gttaacagct
 5701 aagcacccta atcaactggc ttcaatctac ttctcccgcc gccgggaaaa aaggcgggag
 5761 aagccccggc aggtttgaag ctgcttcttc gaatttgcaa ttcaatatga aaatcacctc
 5821 ggagctggta aaaagaggcc taacccctgt ctttagattt acagtccaat gcttcactca
 5881 gccattttac ctcaccccca ctgatgttcg ccgaccgttg actattctct acaaaccaca
 5941 aagacattgg aacactatac ctattattcg gcgcatgagc tggagtccta ggcacagctc
 6001 taagcctcct tattcgagcc gagctgggcc agccaggcaa ccttctaggt aacgaccaca
 6061 tctacaacgt tatcgtcaca gcccatgcat ttgtaataat cttcttcata gtaataccca
 6121 tcataatcgg aggctttggc aactgactag ttcccctaat aatcggtgcc cccgatatgg
 6181 cgtttccccg cataaacaac ataagcttct gactcttacc tccctctctc ctactcctgc
 6241 tcgcatctgc tatagtggag gccggagcag gaacaggttg aacagtctac cctcccttag
 6301 cagggaacta ctcccaccct ggagcctccg tagacctaac catcttctcc ttacacctag
 6361 caggtgtctc ctctatctta ggggccatca atttcatcac aacaattatc aatataaaac
 6421 cccctgccat aacccaatac caaacgcccc tcttcgtctg atccgtccta atcacagcag
 6481 tcctacttct cctatctctc ccagtcctag ctgctggcat cactatacta ctaacagacc
 6541 gcaacctcaa caccaccttc ttcgaccccg ccggaggagg agaccccatt ctataccaac
 6601 acctattctg atttttcggt caccctgaag tttatattct tatcctacca ggcttcggaa
 6661 taatctccca tattgtaact tactactccg gaaaaaaaga accatttgga tacataggta
 6721 tggtctgagc tatgatatca attggcttcc tagggtttat cgtgtgagca caccatatat
 6781 ttacagtagg aatagacgta gacacacgag catatttcac ctccgctacc ataatcatcg
 6841 ctatccccac cggcgtcaaa gtatttagct gactcgccac actccacgga agcaatatga
 6901 aatgatctgc tgcagtgctc tgagccctag gattcatctt tcttttcacc gtaggtggcc
 6961 tgactggcat tgtattagca aactcatcac tagacatcgt actacacgac acgtactacg
 7021 ttgtagccca cttccactat gtcctatcaa taggagctgt atttgccatc ataggaggct
 7081 tcattcactg atttccccta ttctcaggct acaccctaga ccaaacctac gccaaaatcc
 7141 atttcactat catattcatc ggcgtaaatc taactttctt cccacaacac tttctcggcc
 7201 tatccggaat gccccgacgt tactcggact accccgatgc atacaccaca tgaaacatcc
 7261 tatcatctgt aggctcattc atttctctaa cagcagtaat attaataatt ttcatgattt
 7321 gagaagcctt cgcttcgaag cgaaaagtcc taatagtaga agaaccctcc ataaacctgg
 7381 agtgactata tggatgcccc ccaccctacc acacattcga agaacccgta tacataaaat
 7441 ctagacaaaa aaggaaggaa tcgaaccccc caaagctggt ttcaagccaa ccccatggcc
 7501 tccatgactt tttcaaaaag gtattagaaa aaccatttca taactttgtc aaagttaaat
 7561 tataggctaa atcctatata tcttaatggc acatgcagcg caagtaggtc tacaagacgc
 7621 tacttcccct atcatagaag agcttatcac ctttcatgat cacgccctca taatcatttt
 7681 ccttatctgc ttcctagtcc tgtatgccct tttcctaaca ctcacaacaa aactaactaa
 7741 tactaacatc tcagacgctc aggaaataga aaccgtctga actatcctgc ccgccatcat
 7801 cctagtcctc atcgccctcc catccctacg catcctttac ataacagacg aggtcaacga
 7861 tccctccctt accatcaaat caattggcca ccaatggtac tgaacctacg agtacaccga
 7921 ctacggcgga ctaatcttca actcctacat acttccccca ttattcctag aaccaggcga
 7981 cctgcgactc cttgacgttg acaatcgagt agtactcccg attgaagccc ccattcgtat
 8041 aataattaca tcacaagacg tcttgcactc atgagctgtc cccacattag gcttaaaaac
 8101 agatgcaatt cccggacgtc taaaccaaac cactttcacc gctacacgac cgggggtata
 8161 ctacggtcaa tgctctgaaa tctgtggagc aaaccacagt ttcatgccca tcgtcctaga
 8221 attaattccc ctaaaaatct ttgaaatagg gcccgtattt accctatagc accccctcta
 8281 ccccctctag agcccactgt aaagctaact tagcattaac cttttaagtt aaagattaag
 8341 agaaccaaca cctctttaca gtgaaatgcc ccaactaaat actaccgtat ggcccaccat
 8401 aattaccccc atactcctta cactattcct catcacccaa ctaaaaatat taaacacaaa
 8461 ctaccaccta cctccctcac caaagcccat aaaaataaaa aattataaca aaccctgaga
 8521 accaaaatga acgaaaatct gttcgcttca ttcattgccc ccacaatcct aggcctaccc
 8581 gccgcagtac tgatcattct atttccccct ctattgatcc ccacctccaa atatctcatc
 8641 aacaaccgac taatcaccac ccaacaatga ctaatcaaac taacctcaaa acaaatgata
 8701 accatacaca acactaaagg acgaacctga tctcttatac tagtatcctt aatcattttt
 8761 attgccacaa ctaacctcct cggactcctg cctcactcat ttacaccaac cacccaacta
 8821 tctataaacc tagccatggc catcccctta tgagcgggcA cagtgattat aggctttcgc
 8881 tctaagatta aaaatgccct agcccacttc ttaccacaag gcacacctac accccttatc
 8941 cccatactag ttattatcga aaccatcagc ctactcattc aaccaatagc cctggccgta
 9001 cgcctaaccg ctaacattac tgcaggccac ctactcatgc acctaattgg aagcgccacc
 9061 ctagcaatat caaccattaa ccttccctct acacttatca tcttcacaat tctaattcta
 9121 ctgactatcc tagaaatcgc tgtcgcctta atccaagcct acgttttcac acttctagta
 9181 agcctctacc tgcacgacaa cacataatga cccaccaatc acatgcctat catatagtaa
 9241 aacccagccc atgaccccta acaggggccc tctcagccct cctaatgacc tccggcctag
 9301 ccatgtgatt tcacttccac tccataacgc tcctcatact aggcctacta accaacacac
 9361 taaccatata ccaatgatgg cgcgatgtaa cacgagaaag cacataccaa ggccaccaca
 9421 caccacctgt ccaaaaaggc cttcgatacg ggataatcct atttattacc tcagaagttt
 9481 ttttcttcgc aggatttttc tgagcctttt accactccag cctagcccct accccccaat
 9541 taggagggca ctggccccCa acaggcatca ccccgctaaa tcccctagaa gtcccactcc  Back to Top
 9601 taaacacatc cgtattactc gcatcaggag tatcaatcac ctgagctcac catagtctaa
 9661 tagaaaacaa ccgaaaccaa ataattcaag cactgcttat tacaatttta ctgggtctct
 9721 attttaccct cctacaagcc tcagagtact tcgagtctcc cttcaccatt tccgacggca
 9781 tctacggctc aacatttttt gtagccacag gcttccacgg acttcacgtc attattggct
 9841 caactttcct cactatctgc ttcatccgcc aactaatatt tcactttaca tccaaacatc
 9901 actttggctt cgaagccgcc gcctgatact ggcattttgt agatgtggtt tgactatttc
 9961 tgtatgtctc catctattga tgagggtctt actcttttag tataaatagt accgttaact
10021 tccaattaac tagttttgac aacattcaaa aaagagtaat aaacttcgcc ttaattttaa
10081 taatcaacac cctcctagcc ttactactaa taattattac attttgacta ccacaactca
10141 acggctacat agaaaaatcc accccttacg agtgcggctt cgaccctata tcccccgccc
10201 gcgtcccttt ctccataaaa ttcttcttag tagctattac cttcttatta tttgatctag
10261 aaattgccct ccttttaccc ctaccatgag ccctacaaac aactaacctg ccactaatag
10321 ttatgtcatc cctcttatta atcatcatcc tagccctaag tctggcctat gagtgactac
10381 aaaaaggatt agactgaacc gaattggtat atagtttaaa caaaacgaat gatttcgact
10441 cattaaatta tgataatcat atttaccaaa tgcccctcat ttacataaat attatactag
10501 catttaccat ctcacttcta ggaatactag tatatcgctc acacctcata tcctccctac
10561 tatgcctaga aggaataata ctatcgctgt tcattatagc tactctcata accctcaaca
10621 cccactccct cttagccaat attgtgccta ttgccatact agtctttgcc gcctgcgaag
10681 cagcggtggg cctagcccta ctagtctcaa tctccaacac atatggccta gactacgtac
10741 ataacctaaa cctactccaa tgctaaaact aatcgtccca acaattatat tactaccact
10801 gacatgactt tccaaaaaac acataatttg aatcaacaca accacccaca gcctaattat
10861 tagcatcatc cctctactat tttttaacca aatcaacaac aacctattta gctgttcccc
10921 aaccttttcc tccgaccccc taacaacccc cctcctaata ctaactacct gactcctacc
10981 cctcacaatc atggcaagcc aacgccactt atccagtgaa ccactatcac gaaaaaaact
11041 ctacctctct atactaatct ccctacaaat ctccttaatt ataacattca cagccacaga
11101 actaatcata ttttatatct tcttcgaaac cacacttatc cccaccttgg ctatcatcac
11161 ccgatgaggc aaccagccag aacgcctgaa cgcaggcaca tacttcctat tctacaccct
11221 agtaggctcc cttcccctac tcatcgcact aatttacact cacaacaccc taggctcact
11281 aaacattcta ctactcactc tcactgccca agaactatca aactcctgag ccaaCaactt  Back to Top

11341 aatatgacta gcttacacaa tagcttttat agtaaagata cctctttacg gactccactt
11401 atgactccct aaagcccatg tcgaagcccc catcgctggg tcaatagtac ttgccgcagt
11461 actcttaaaa ctaggcggct atggtataat acgcctcaca ctcattctca accccctgac
11521 aaaacacata gcctacccct tccttgtact atccctatga ggcataatta taacaagctc
11581 catctgccta cgacaaacag acctaaaatc gctcattgca tactcttcaa tcagccacat
11641 agccctcgta gtaacagcca ttctcatcca aaccccctga agcttcaccg gcgcagtcat
11701 tctcataatc gcccacgggc ttacatcctc attactattc tgcctagcaa actcaaacta
11761 cgaacgcact cacagtcgca tcataatcct ctctcaagga cttcaaactc tactcccact
11821 aatagctttt tgatgacttc tagcaagcct cgctaacctc gccttacccc ccactattaa
11881 cctactggga gaactctctg tgctagtaac cacgttctcc tgatcaaata tcactctcct
11941 acttacagga ctcaacatac tagtcacagc cctatactcc ctctacatat ttaccacaac
12001 acaatggggc tcactcaccc accacattaa caacataaaa ccctcattca cacgagaaaa
12061 caccctcatg ttcatacacc tatcccccat tctcctccta tccctcaacc ccgacatcat
12121 taccgggttt tcctcttgta aatatagttt aaccaaaaca tcagattgtg aatctgacaa
12181 cagaggctta cgacccctta tttaccgaga aagctcacaa gaactgctaa ctcatgcccc
12241 catgtctaac aacatggctt tctcaacttt taaaggataa cagctatcca ttggtcttag
12301 gccccaaaaa ttttggtgca actccaaata aaagtaataa ccatgcacac tactataacc
12361 accctaaccc tgacttccct aattcccccc atccttacca ccctcgttaa ccctaacaaa
12421 aaaaactcat acccccatta tgtaaaatcc attgtcgcat ccacctttat tatcagtctc
12481 ttccccacaa caatattcat gtgcctagac caagaagtta ttatctcgaa ctgacactga
12541 gccacaaccc aaacaaccca gctctcccta agcttcaaac tagactactt ctccataata
12601 ttcatccctg tagcattgtt cgttacatgg tccatcatag aattctcact gtgatatata
12661 aactcagacc caaacattaa tcagttcttc aaatatctac tcatcttcct aattaccata
12721 ctaatcttag ttaccgctaa caacctattc caactgttca tcggctgaga gggcgtagga
12781 attatatcct tcttgctcat cagttgatga tacgcccgag cagatgccaa cacagcagcc
12841 attcaagcaa tcctatacaa ccgtatcggc gatatcggtt tcatcctcgc cttagcatga
12901 tttatcctac actccaactc atgagaccca caacaaatag cccttctaaa cgctaatcca
12961 agcctcaccc cactactagg cctcctccta gcagcagcag gcaaatcagc ccaattaggt
13021 ctccacccct gactcccctc agccatagaa ggccccaccc cagtctcagc cctactccac
13081 tcaagcacta tagttgtagc aggaatcttc ttactcatcc gcttccaccc cctagcagaa
13141 aatagcccac taatccaaac tctaacacta tgcttaggcg ctatcaccac tctgttcgca
13201 gcagtctgcg cccttacaca aaatgacatc aaaaaaatcg tagccttctc cacttcaagt
13261 caactaggac tcataatagt tacaatcggc atcaaccaac cacacctagc attcctgcac
13321 atctgtaccc acgccttctt caaagccata ctatttatgt gctccgggtc catcatccac
13381 aaccttaaca atgaacaaga tattcgaaaa ataggaggac tactcaaaac catacctctc
13441 acttcaacct ccctcaccat tggcagccta gcattagcag gaataccttt cctcacaggt
13501 ttctactcca aagaccacat catcgaaacc gcaaacatat catacacaaa cgcctgagcc
13561 ctatctatta ctctcatcgc tacctccctg acaagcgcct atagcactcg aataattctt
13621 ctcaccctaa caggtcaacc tcgcttcccc acccttacta acattaacga aaataacccc
13681 accctactaa accccattaa aCgcctggca gccggaagcc tattcgcagg atttctcatt
13741 actaacaaca tttcccccgc atcccccttc caaacaacaa tccccctcta cctaaaactc
13801 acagccctcg ctgtcacttt cctaggactt ctaacagccc tagacctcaa ctacctaacc
13861 aacaaactta aaataaaatc cccactatgc acattttatt tctccaacat actcggattc
13921 taccctagca tcacacaccg cacaatcccc tatctaggcc ttcttacgag ccaaaacctg
13981 cccctactcc tcctagacct aacctgacta gaaaagctat tacctaaaac aatttcacag
14041 caccaaatct ccacctccat catcacctca acccaaaaag gcataattaa actttacttc
14101 ctctctttct tcttcccact catcctaacc ctactcctaa tcacataacc tattcccccg
14161 agcaatctca attacaatat atacaccaac aaacaatgTt caaccagtaa ctactactaa
14221 tcaacgccca taatcataca aagcccccgc accaatagga tcctcccgaa tCaaccctga
14281 cccctctcct tcataaatta ttcagcttcc tacactatta aagtttacca caaccaccac
14341 cccatcatac tctttcaccc acagCacCaa tcctacctcc atcgctaacc ccactaaaac  Back to Top

14401 actcaccaag acctcaaccc ctgaccccca tgcctcagga tactcctcaa tagccatcgc
14461 tgtagtatat ccaaagacaa ccatcattcc ccctaaataa attaaaaaaa ctattaaacc
14521 catataacct cccccaaaat tcagaataat aacacacccg accacaccgc taacaatcaa
14581 tactaaaccc ccataaatag gagaaggctt agaagaaaac cccacaaacc ccattactaa
14641 acccacactc aacagaaaca aagcatacat cattattctc gcacggacta caaccacgac
14701 caatgatatg aaaaaccatc gttgtatttc aactacaaga acaccaatga ccccaatacg
14761 caaaaCtaac cccctaataa aattaattaa ccactcattc atcgacctcc ccaccccatc
14821 caacatctcc gcatgatgaa acttcggctc actccttggc gcctgcctga tcctccaaat
14881 caccacagga ctattcctag ccatgcacta ctcaccagac gcctcaaccg ccttttcatc
14941 aatcgcccac atcactcgag acgtaaatta tggctgaatc atccgctacc ttcacgccaa
15001 tggcgcctca atattcttta tctgcctctt cctacacatc gggcgaggcc tatattacgg
15061 atcatttctc tactcagaaa cctgaaacat cggcattatc ctcctgcttg caactatagc
15121 aacagccttc ataggctatg tcctcccgtg aggccaaata tcattctgag gggccacagt
15181 aattacaaac ttactatccg ccatcccata cattgggaca gacctagttc aatgaatctg
15241 aggaggctac tcagtagaca gtcccaccct cacacgattc tttacctttc acttcatctt
15301 gcccttcatt attgcagccc tagcaAcact ccacctccta ttcttgcacg aaacgggatc Back to Top
15361 aaacaacccc ctaggaatca cctcccattc cgataaaatc accttccacc cttactacac
15421 aatcaaagac gccctcggct tacttctctt ccttctctcc ttaatgacat taacactatt
15481 ctcaccagac ctcctaggcg acccagacaa ttatacccta gccaacccct taaacacccc
15541 tccccacatc aagcccgaat gatatttcct attcgcctac acaattctcc gatccgtccc
15601 taacaaacta ggaggcgtcc ttgccctatt actatccatc ctcatcctag caataatccc
15661 catcctccat atatccaaac aacaaagcat aatatttcgc ccactaagcc aatcacttta
15721 ttgactccta gccgcagacc tcctcattct aacctgaatc ggaggacaac cagtaagcta
15781 cccttttacc atcattggac aagtagcatc cgtactatac ttcacaacaa tcctaatcct
15841 aataccaact atctccctaa ttgaaaacaa aatactcaaa tgggcctgtc cttgtagtat
15901 aaactaatac accagtcttg taaaccggag atgaaaacct ttttccaagg acaaatcaga
15961 gaaaaagtct ttaactccac cattagcacc caaagctaag attctaattt aaactattct
16021 ctgttctttc atggggaagc agatttgggt accacccaag tattgactca cccatcaaca
16081 accgctatgt atttcgtaca ttactgccag ccaccatgaa tattgtacgg taccataaat
16141 acttgaccac ctgtagtaca taaaaaccca atccacatca aaaccccctc cccatgctta
16201 caagcaagta cagcaatcaa ccctcaacta tcacacatca actgcaactc caaagccacc
16261 cctcacccac taggatacca acaaacctac ccacccttaa cagtacatag tacataaagc
16321 catttaccgt acatagcaca ttacagtcaa atcccttctc gtccccatgg atgacccccc
16381 tcagataggg gtcccttgac caccatcctc cgtgaaatca atatcccgca caagagtgct
16441 actctcctcg ctccgggccc ataacacttg ggggtagcta aagtgaactg tatccgacat
16501 ctggttccta cttcagggtc ataaagccta aatagcccac acgttcccct taaataagac
16561 atcacgatg

BASE COUNT (16568 total):  5124 a     5181 c     2169 g     4094 t 

LOCUS       NC_012920              16569 bp    DNA     circular PRI 8-JUL-2009
DEFINITION  Homo sapiens mitochondrion, complete genome.
ACCESSION   AC_000021
VERSION     AC_000021.2  GI:115315570
PROJECT     GenomeProject:30353
KEYWORDS    .
SOURCE      mitochondrion Homo sapiens (human)
  ORGANISM  Homo sapiens
            Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi;
            Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini;
            Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo.
FEATURES             Location/Qualifiers
     source          1..16569
                     /organism="Homo sapiens"
                     /organelle="mitochondrion"
                     /mol_type="genomic DNA"
                     /isolation_source="caucasian"

                     /db_xref="taxon:9606"
                     /tissue_type="placenta"
                     /country="United Kingdom: Great Britain"
                     /note="this is the rCRS"
     D-loop          complement(join(16024..16569,1..576))
     gene            577..647
                     /gene="TRNF"

                     /nomenclature="Official Symbol: MT-TF | Name:
                     mitochondrially encoded tRNA phenylalanine | Provided by:
                     HGNC:7481"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:4558"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:7481"
     tRNA            577..647
                     /gene="TRNF"
                     /product="tRNA-Phe"

                     /note="NAR: 1455"
                     /anticodon=(pos:611..613,aa:Phe)
                     /codon_recognized="UUC"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:4558"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:7481"
     gene            648..1601
                     /gene="RNR1"

                     /synonym="MTRNR1"
                     /nomenclature="Official Symbol: MT-RNR1 | Name:
                     mitochondrially encoded 12S RNA | Provided by: HGNC:7470"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:4549"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:7470"
     rRNA            648..1601
                     /gene="RNR1"

                     /product="s-rRNA"
                     /note="12S rRNA; 12S ribosomal RNA"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:4549"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:7470"
     gene            1602..1670
                     /gene="TRNV"

                     /synonym="MTTV"
                     /nomenclature="Official Symbol: MT-TV | Name:
                     mitochondrially encoded tRNA valine | Provided by:
                     HGNC:7500"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:4577"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:7500"
     tRNA            1602..1670
                     /gene="TRNV"

                     /product="tRNA-Val"
                     /note="NAR: 2053"
                     /anticodon=(pos:1633..1635,aa:Val)
                     /codon_recognized="GUA"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:4577"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:7500"

     gene            1671..3229
                     /gene="RNR2"
                     /synonym="MTRNR2"
                     /nomenclature="Official Symbol: MT-RNR2 | Name:
                     mitochondrially encoded 16S RNA | Provided by: HGNC:7471"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:4550"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:7471"

     rRNA            1671..3229
                     /gene="RNR2"
                     /product="l-rRNA"
                     /note="16S ribosomal RNA; 16S rRNA"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:4550"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:7471"

     misc_feature    3107
                     /note="preserves historical genome annotation numbering"
     gene            3230..3304
                     /gene="TRNL1"
                     /synonym="MTTL1"
                     /nomenclature="Official Symbol: MT-TL1 | Name:
                     mitochondrially encoded tRNA leucine 1 (UUA/G) | Provided
                     by: HGNC:7490"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:4567"

                     /db_xref="HGNC:7490"
     tRNA            3230..3304
                     /gene="TRNL1"
                     /product="tRNA-Leu"
                     /note="NAR: 1054"
                     /anticodon=(pos:3265..3267,aa:Leu)
                     /codon_recognized="UUR"

                     /db_xref="GeneID:4567"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:7490"
     gene            3307..4262
                     /gene="ND1"
                     /synonym="MTND1"
                     /nomenclature="Official Symbol: MT-ND1 | Name:
                     mitochondrially encoded NADH dehydrogenase 1 | Provided
                     by: HGNC:7455"

                     /db_xref="GeneID:4535"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:7455"
     CDS             3307..4262
                     /gene="ND1"
                     /note="NADH dehydrogenase, subunit 1 (complex I); TAA stop
                     codon is completed by the addition of 3' A residues to the
                     mRNA"
                     /codon_start=1
                     /transl_except=(pos:4261..4262,aa:TERM)
                     /transl_table=2
                     /product="NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1"

                     /protein_id="AP_000639.1"
                     /db_xref="GI:58615663"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:4535"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:7455"
                     /translation="MPMANLLLLIVPILIAMAFLMLTERKILGYMQLRKGPNVVGPYG
                     LLQPFADAMKLFTKEPLKPATSTITLYITAPTLALTIALLLWTPLPMPNPLVNLNLGL
                     LFILATSSLAVYSILWSGWASNSNYALIGALRAVAQTISYEVTLAIILLSTLLMSGSF
                     NLSTLITTQEHLWLLLPSWPLAMMWFISTLAETNRTPFDLAEGESELVSGFNIEYAAG
                     PFALFFMAEYTNIIMMNTLTTTIFLGTTYDALSPELYTTYFVTKTLLLTSLFLWIRTA
                     YPRFRYDQLMHLLWKNFLPLTLALLMWYVSMPITISSIPPQT"

     gene            4263..4331
                     /gene="TRNI"
                     /synonym="MTTI"
                     /nomenclature="Official Symbol: MT-TI | Name:
                     mitochondrially encoded tRNA isoleucine | Provided by:
                     HGNC:7488"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:4565"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:7488"

     tRNA            4263..4331
                     /gene="TRNI"
                     /product="tRNA-Ile"
                     /note="NAR: 0997"
                     /anticodon=(pos:4292..4294,aa:Ile)
                     /codon_recognized="AUC"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:4565"

                     /db_xref="HGNC:7488"
     gene            complement(4329..4400)
                     /gene="TRNQ"
                     /synonym="MTTQ"
                     /nomenclature="Official Symbol: MT-TQ | Name:
                     mitochondrially encoded tRNA glutamine | Provided by:
                     HGNC:7495"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:4572"

                     /db_xref="HGNC:7495"
     tRNA            complement(4329..4400)
                     /gene="TRNQ"
                     /product="tRNA-Gln"
                     /note="NAR: 0597"
                     /anticodon=(pos:complement(4365..4367),aa:Gln)
                     /codon_recognized="CAA"

                     /db_xref="GeneID:4572"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:7495"
     gene            4402..4469
                     /gene="TRNM"
                     /synonym="MTTM"
                     /nomenclature="Official Symbol: MT-TM | Name:
                     mitochondrially encoded tRNA methionine | Provided by:
                     HGNC:7492"

                     /db_xref="GeneID:4569"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:7492"
     tRNA            4402..4469
                     /gene="TRNM"
                     /product="tRNA-Met"
                     /note="NAR: 1297"

                     /anticodon=(pos:4432..4434,aa:Met)
                     /codon_recognized="AUG"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:4569"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:7492"
     gene            4470..5511
                     /gene="ND2"
                     /synonym="MTND2"

                     /nomenclature="Official Symbol: MT-ND2 | Name:
                     mitochondrially encoded NADH dehydrogenase 2 | Provided
                     by: HGNC:7456"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:4536"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:7456"
     CDS             4470..5511
                     /gene="ND2"
                     /note="TAA stop codon is completed by the addition of 3' A
                     residues to the mRNA"

                     /codon_start=1
                     /transl_except=(pos:5511,aa:TERM)
                     /transl_table=2
                     /product="NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2"
                     /protein_id="AP_000640.1"
                     /db_xref="GI:58615664"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:4536"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:7456"

                     /translation="MNPLAQPVIYSTIFAGTLITALSSHWFFTWVGLEMNMLAFIPVL
                     TKKMNPRSTEAAIKYFLTQATASMILLMAILFNNMLSGQWTMTNTTNQYSSLMIMMAM
                     AMKLGMAPFHFWVPEVTQGTPLTSGLLLLTWQKLAPISIMYQISPSLNVSLLLTLSIL
                     SIMAGSWGGLNQTQLRKILAYSSITHMGWMMAVLPYNPNMTILNLTIYIILTTTAFLL
                     LNLNSSTTTLLLSRTWNKLTWLTPLIPSTLLSLGGLPPLTGFLPKWAIIEEFTKNNSL
                     IIPTIMATITLLNLYFYLRLIYSTSITLLPMSNNVKMKWQFEHTKPTPFLPTLIALTT
                     LLLPISPFMLMIL"
     gene            5512..5579
                     /gene="TRNW"
                     /synonym="MTTW"
                     /nomenclature="Official Symbol: MT-TW | Name:
                     mitochondrially encoded tRNA tryptophan | Provided by:
                     HGNC:7501"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:4578"

                     /db_xref="HGNC:7501"
     tRNA            5512..5579
                     /gene="TRNW"
                     /product="tRNA-Trp"
                     /note="NAR: 1897"
                     /anticodon=(pos:5544..5546,aa:Trp)
                     /codon_recognized="UGA"

                     /db_xref="GeneID:4578"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:7501"
     gene            complement(5587..5655)
                     /gene="TRNA"
                     /synonym="MTTA"
                     /nomenclature="Official Symbol: MT-TA | Name:
                     mitochondrially encoded tRNA alanine | Provided by:
                     HGNC:7475"

                     /db_xref="GeneID:4553"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:7475"
     tRNA            complement(5587..5655)
                     /gene="TRNA"
                     /product="tRNA-Ala"
                     /note="NAR: 0097"

                     /anticodon=(pos:complement(5623..5625),aa:Ala)
                     /codon_recognized="GCA"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:4553"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:7475"
     gene            complement(5657..5729)
                     /gene="TRNN"
                     /synonym="MTTN"

                     /nomenclature="Official Symbol: MT-TN | Name:
                     mitochondrially encoded tRNA asparagine | Provided by:
                     HGNC:7493"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:4570"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:7493"
     tRNA            complement(5657..5729)
                     /gene="TRNN"
                     /product="tRNA-Asn"

                     /note="NAR: 0297"
                     /anticodon=(pos:complement(5694..5696),aa:Asn)
                     /codon_recognized="AAC"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:4570"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:7493"
     gene            complement(5761..5826)
                     /gene="TRNC"

                     /synonym="MTTC"
                     /nomenclature="Official Symbol: MT-TC | Name:
                     mitochondrially encoded tRNA cysteine | Provided by:
                     HGNC:7477"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:4511"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:7477"
     tRNA            complement(5761..5826)
                     /gene="TRNC"

                     /product="tRNA-Cys"
                     /note="NAR: 0497"
                     /anticodon=(pos:complement(5796..5798),aa:Cys)
                     /codon_recognized="UGC"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:4511"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:7477"

     gene            complement(5826..5891)
                     /gene="TRNY"
                     /synonym="MTTY"
                     /nomenclature="Official Symbol: MT-TY | Name:
                     mitochondrially encoded tRNA tyrosine | Provided by:
                     HGNC:7502"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:4579"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:7502"

     tRNA            complement(5826..5891)
                     /gene="TRNY"
                     /product="tRNA-Tyr"
                     /note="NAR: 1997"
                     /anticodon=(pos:complement(5860..5862),aa:Tyr)
                     /codon_recognized="UAC"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:4579"

                     /db_xref="HGNC:7502"
     gene            5904..7445
                     /gene="COX1"
                     /synonym="MTCO1, COI"
                     /nomenclature="Official Symbol: MT-COI | Name:
                     mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase I | Provided
                     by: HGNC:7419"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:4512"

                     /db_xref="HGNC:7419"
     CDS             5904..7445
                     /gene="COX1"
                     /note="cytochrome c oxidase I"
                     /codon_start=1
                     /transl_table=2
                     /product="cytochrome c oxidase subunit I"
                     /protein_id="AP_000641.1"

                     /db_xref="GI:58615665"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:4512"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:7419"
                     /translation="MFADRWLFSTNHKDIGTLYLLFGAWAGVLGTALSLLIRAELGQP
                     GNLLGNDHIYNVIVTAHAFVMIFFMVMPIMIGGFGNWLVPLMIGAPDMAFPRMNNMSF
                     WLLPPSLLLLLASAMVEAGAGTGWTVYPPLAGNYSHPGASVDLTIFSLHLAGVSSILG
                     AINFITTIINMKPPAMTQYQTPLFVWSVLITAVLLLLSLPVLAAGITMLLTDRNLNTT
                     FFDPAGGGDPILYQHLFWFFGHPEVYILILPGFGMISHIVTYYSGKKEPFGYMGMVWA
                     MMSIGFLGFIVWAHHMFTVGMDVDTRAYFTSATMIIAIPTGVKVFSWLATLHGSNMKW
                     SAAVLWALGFIFLFTVGGLTGIVLANSSLDIVLHDTYYVVAHFHYVLSMGAVFAIMGG
                     FIHWFPLFSGYTLDQTYAKIHFTIMFIGVNLTFFPQHFLGLSGMPRRYSDYPDAYTTW
                     NILSSVGSFISLTAVMLMIFMIWEAFASKRKVLMVEEPSMNLEWLYGCPPPYHTFEEP
                     VYMKS"
     gene            complement(7446..7514)
                     /gene="TRNS1"

                     /synonym="MTTS1"
                     /nomenclature="Official Symbol: MT-TS1 | Name:
                     mitochondrially encoded tRNA serine 1 (UCN) | Provided by:
                     HGNC:7497"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:4574"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:7497"
     tRNA            complement(7446..7514)
                     /gene="TRNS1"

                     /product="tRNA-Ser"
                     /note="NAR: 1697"
                     /anticodon=(pos:complement(7482..7484),aa:Ser)
                     /codon_recognized="UCN"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:4574"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:7497"

     gene            7518..7585
                     /gene="TRND"
                     /synonym="MTTD"
                     /nomenclature="Official Symbol: MT-TD | Name:
                     mitochondrially encoded tRNA aspartic acid | Provided by:
                     HGNC:7478"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:4555"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:7478"

     tRNA            7518..7585
                     /gene="TRND"
                     /product="tRNA-Asp"
                     /note="NAR: 0397"
                     /anticodon=(pos:7548..7550,aa:Asp)
                     /codon_recognized="GAC"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:4555"

                     /db_xref="HGNC:7478"
     gene            7586..8269
                     /gene="COX2"
                     /synonym="MTCO2, COII"
                     /nomenclature="Official Symbol: MT-CO2 | Name:
                     mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II | Provided
                     by: HGNC:7421"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:4513"

                     /db_xref="HGNC:7421"
     CDS             7586..8269
                     /gene="COX2"
                     /note="cytochrome c oxidase II"
                     /codon_start=1
                     /transl_table=2
                     /product="cytochrome c oxidase subunit II"
                     /protein_id="AP_000642.1"

                     /db_xref="GI:58615666"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:4513"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:7421"
                     /translation="MAHAAQVGLQDATSPIMEELITFHDHALMIIFLICFLVLYALFL
                     TLTTKLTNTNISDAQEMETVWTILPAIILVLIALPSLRILYMTDEVNDPSLTIKSIGH
                     QWYWTYEYTDYGGLIFNSYMLPPLFLEPGDLRLLDVDNRVVLPIEAPIRMMITSQDVL
                     HSWAVPTLGLKTDAIPGRLNQTTFTATRPGVYYGQCSEICGANHSFMPIVLELIPLKI
                     FEMGPVFTL"
     gene            8295..8364
                     /gene="TRNK"

                     /synonym="MTTK"
                     /nomenclature="Official Symbol: MT-TK | Name:
                     mitochondrially encoded tRNA lysine | Provided by:
                     HGNC:7489"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:4566"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:7489"
     tRNA            8295..8364
                     /gene="TRNK"

                     /product="tRNA-Lys"
                     /note="NAR: 1197"
                     /anticodon=(pos:8323..8325,aa:Lys)
                     /codon_recognized="AAA"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:4566"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:7489"

     gene            8366..8572
                     /gene="ATP8"
                     /synonym="MTATP8, ATPase8"
                     /nomenclature="Official Symbol: MT-ATP8 | Name:
                     mitochondrially encoded ATP synthase 8 | Provided by:
                     HGNC:7415"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:4509"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:7415"

     CDS             8366..8572
                     /gene="ATP8"
                     /note="ATP synthase 8; ATPase subunit 8"
                     /codon_start=1
                     /transl_table=2
                     /product="ATP synthase F0 subunit 8"
                     /protein_id="AP_000643.1"
                     /db_xref="GI:58615667"

                     /db_xref="GeneID:4509"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:7415"
                     /translation="MPQLNTTVWPTMITPMLLTLFLITQLKMLNTNYHLPPSPKPMKM
                     KNYNKPWEPKWTKICSLHSLPPQS"
     gene            8527..9207
                     /gene="ATP6"
                     /synonym="MTATP6, ATPase6"

                     /nomenclature="Official Symbol: MT-ATP6 | Name:
                     mitochondrially encoded ATP synthase 6 | Provided by:
                     HGNC:7414"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:4508"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:7414"
     CDS             8527..9207
                     /gene="ATP6"
                     /note="ATP synthase 6; ATPase subunit 6"

                     /codon_start=1
                     /transl_table=2
                     /product="ATP synthase F0 subunit 6"
                     /protein_id="AP_000644.1"
                     /db_xref="GI:58615668"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:4508"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:7414"

                     /translation="MNENLFASFIAPTILGLPAAVLIILFPPLLIPTSKYLINNRLIT
                     TQQWLIKLTSKQMMTMHNTKGRTWSLMLVSLIIFIATTNLLGLLPHSFTPTTQLSMNL
                     AMAIPLWAGTVIMGFRSKIKNALAHFLPQGTPTPLIPMLVIIETISLLIQPMALAVRL
                     TANITAGHLLMHLIGSATLAMSTINLPSTLIIFTILILLTILEIAVALIQAYVFTLLV
                     SLYLHDNT"
     gene            9207..9990
                     /gene="COX3"
                     /synonym="MTCO3, COIII"
                     /nomenclature="Official Symbol: MT-CO3 | Name:
                     mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase III |
                     Provided by: HGNC:7422"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:4514"

                     /db_xref="HGNC:7422"
     CDS             9207..9990
                     /gene="COX3"
                     /note="cytochrome c oxidase III; TAA stop codon is
                     completed by the addition of 3' A residues to the mRNA"
                     /codon_start=1
                     /transl_except=(pos:9990,aa:TERM)
                     /transl_table=2
                     /product="cytochrome c oxidase subunit III"
                     /protein_id="AP_000645.2"

                     /db_xref="GI:193885684"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:4514"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:7422"
                     /translation="MTHQSHAYHMVKPSPWPLTGALSALLMTSGLAMWFHFHSMTLLM
                     LGLLTNTLTMYQWWRDVTRESTYQGHHTPPVQKGLRYGMILFITSEVFFFAGFFWAFY
                     HSSLAPTPQLGGHWPPTGITPLNPLEVPLLNTSVLLASGVSITWAHHSLMENNRNQMI
                     QALLITILLGLYFTLLQASEYFESPFTISDGIYGSTFFVATGFHGLHVIIGSTFLTIC
                     FIRQLMFHFTSKHHFGFEAAAWYWHFVDVVWLFLYVSIYWWGS"
     gene            9991..10058
                     /gene="TRNG"

                     /synonym="MTTG"
                     /nomenclature="Official Symbol: MT-TG | Name:
                     mitochondrially encoded tRNA glycine | Provided by:
                     HGNC:7486"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:4563"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:7486"
     tRNA            9991..10058
                     /gene="TRNG"

                     /product="tRNA-Gly"
                     /note="NAR: 0797"
                     /anticodon=(pos:10021..10023,aa:Gly)
                     /codon_recognized="GGA"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:4563"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:7486"

     gene            10059..10404
                     /gene="ND3"
                     /synonym="MTND3"
                     /nomenclature="Official Symbol: MT-ND3 | Name:
                     mitochondrially encoded NADH dehydrogenase 3 | Provided
                     by: HGNC:7458"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:4537"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:7458"

     CDS             10059..10404
                     /gene="ND3"
                     /note="NADH dehydrogenase, subunit 3 (complex I); TAA stop
                     codon is completed by the addition of 3' A residues to the
                     mRNA"
                     /codon_start=1
                     /transl_except=(pos:10404,aa:TERM)
                     /transl_table=2
                     /product="NADH dehydrogenase subunit 3"
                     /protein_id="AP_000646.1"
                     /db_xref="GI:58615670"

                     /db_xref="GeneID:4537"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:7458"
                     /translation="MNFALILMINTLLALLLMIITFWLPQLNGYMEKSTPYECGFDPM
                     SPARVPFSMKFFLVAITFLLFDLEIALLLPLPWALQTTNLPLMVMSSLLLIIILALSL
                     AYEWLQKGLDWTE"
     gene            10405..10469
                     /gene="TRNR"
                     /synonym="MTTR"

                     /nomenclature="Official Symbol: MT-TR | Name:
                     mitochondrially encoded tRNA arginine | Provided by:
                     HGNC:7496"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:4573"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:7496"
     tRNA            10405..10469
                     /gene="TRNR"
                     /product="tRNA-Arg"

                     /note="NAR: 0197"
                     /anticodon=(pos:10435..10437,aa:Arg)
                     /codon_recognized="CGA"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:4573"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:7496"
     gene            10470..10766
                     /gene="ND4L"

                     /synonym="MTND4L"
                     /nomenclature="Official Symbol: MT-ND4L | Name:
                     mitochondrially encoded NADH 4L | Provided by: HGNC:7460"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:4539"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:7460"
     CDS             10470..10766
                     /gene="ND4L"

                     /note="NADH dehydrogenase, subunit 4L (complex I)"
                     /codon_start=1
                     /transl_table=2
                     /product="NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4L"
                     /protein_id="AP_000647.1"
                     /db_xref="GI:58615671"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:4539"

                     /db_xref="HGNC:7460"
                     /translation="MPLIYMNIMLAFTISLLGMLVYRSHLMSSLLCLEGMMLSLFIMA
                     TLMTLNTHSLLANIVPIAMLVFAACEAAVGLALLVSISNTYGLDYVHNLNLLQC"
     gene            10760..12137
                     /gene="ND4"
                     /synonym="MTND4"
                     /nomenclature="Official Symbol: MT-ND4 | Name:
                     mitochondrially encoded NADH dehydrogenase 4 | Provided
                     by: HGNC:7459"

                     /db_xref="GeneID:4538"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:7459"
     CDS             10760..12137
                     /gene="ND4"
                     /note="NADH dehydrogenase, subunit 4 (complex I); TAA stop
                     codon is completed by the addition of 3' A residues to the
                     mRNA"
                     /codon_start=1
                     /transl_except=(pos:12137,aa:TERM)
                     /transl_table=2
                     /product="NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4"

                     /protein_id="AP_000648.1"
                     /db_xref="GI:58615672"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:4538"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:7459"
                     /translation="MLKLIVPTIMLLPLTWLSKKHMIWINTTTHSLIISIIPLLFFNQ
                     INNNLFSCSPTFSSDPLTTPLLMLTTWLLPLTIMASQRHLSSEPLSRKKLYLSMLISL
                     QISLIMTFTATELIMFYIFFETTLIPTLAIITRWGNQPERLNAGTYFLFYTLVGSLPL
                     LIALIYTHNTLGSLNILLLTLTAQELSNSWANNLMWLAYTMAFMVKMPLYGLHLWLPK
                     AHVEAPIAGSMVLAAVLLKLGGYGMMRLTLILNPLTKHMAYPFLVLSLWGMIMTSSIC
                     LRQTDLKSLIAYSSISHMALVVTAILIQTPWSFTGAVILMIAHGLTSSLLFCLANSNY
                     ERTHSRIMILSQGLQTLLPLMAFWWLLASLANLALPPTINLLGELSVLVTTFSWSNIT
                     LLLTGLNMLVTALYSLYMFTTTQWGSLTHHINNMKPSFTRENTLMFMHLSPILLLSLN
                     PDIITGFSS"

     gene            12138..12206
                     /gene="TRNH"
                     /synonym="MTTH"
                     /nomenclature="Official Symbol: MT-TH | Name:
                     mitochondrially encoded tRNA histidine | Provided by:
                     HGNC:7487"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:4564"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:7487"

     tRNA            12138..12206
                     /gene="TRNH"
                     /product="tRNA-His"
                     /note="NAR: 0897"
                     /anticodon=(pos:12168..12170,aa:His)
                     /codon_recognized="CAC"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:4564"

                     /db_xref="HGNC:7487"
     gene            12207..12265
                     /gene="TRNS2"
                     /synonym="MTTS2"
                     /nomenclature="Official Symbol: MT-TS2 | Name:
                     mitochondrially encoded tRNA serine 2 (AGU/C) | Provided
                     by: HGNC:7498"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:4575"

                     /db_xref="HGNC:7498"
     tRNA            12207..12265
                     /gene="TRNS2"
                     /product="tRNA-Ser"
                     /note="NAR: 1656"
                     /anticodon=(pos:12226..12228,aa:Ser)
                     /codon_recognized="AGY"

                     /db_xref="GeneID:4575"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:7498"
     gene            12266..12336
                     /gene="TRNL2"
                     /synonym="MTTL2"
                     /nomenclature="Official Symbol: MT-L2 | Name:
                     mitochondrially encoded tRNA leucine 2 (CUN) | Provided
                     by: HGNC:7491"

                     /db_xref="GeneID:4568"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:7491"
     tRNA            12266..12336
                     /gene="TRNL2"
                     /product="tRNA-Leu"
                     /note="NAR: 1097"

                     /anticodon=(pos:12298..12300,aa:Leu)
                     /codon_recognized="CUN"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:4568"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:7491"
     gene            12337..14148
                     /gene="ND5"
                     /synonym="MTND5"

                     /nomenclature="Official Symbol: MTND5 | Name:
                     mitochondrially encoded NADH dehydrogenase 5 | Provided
                     by: HGNC:7461"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:4540"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:7461"
     CDS             12337..14148
                     /gene="ND5"
                     /note="NADH dehydrogenase, subunit 5 (complex I)"

                     /codon_start=1
                     /transl_table=2
                     /product="NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5"
                     /protein_id="AP_000649.1"
                     /db_xref="GI:58615673"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:4540"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:7461"

                     /translation="MTMHTTMTTLTLTSLIPPILTTLVNPNKKNSYPHYVKSIVASTF
                     IISLFPTTMFMCLDQEVIISNWHWATTQTTQLSLSFKLDYFSMMFIPVALFVTWSIME
                     FSLWYMNSDPNINQFFKYLLIFLITMLILVTANNLFQLFIGWEGVGIMSFLLISWWYA
                     RADANTAAIQAILYNRIGDIGFILALAWFILHSNSWDPQQMALLNANPSLTPLLGLLL
                     AAAGKSAQLGLHPWLPSAMEGPTPVSALLHSSTMVVAGIFLLIRFHPLAENSPLIQTL
                     TLCLGAITTLFAAVCALTQNDIKKIVAFSTSSQLGLMMVTIGINQPHLAFLHICTHAF
                     FKAMLFMCSGSIIHNLNNEQDIRKMGGLLKTMPLTSTSLTIGSLALAGMPFLTGFYSK
                     DHIIETANMSYTNAWALSITLIATSLTSAYSTRMILLTLTGQPRFPTLTNINENNPTL
                     LNPIKRLAAGSLFAGFLITNNISPASPFQTTIPLYLKLTALAVTFLGLLTALDLNYLT
                     NKLKMKSPLCTFYFSNMLGFYPSITHRTIPYLGLLTSQNLPLLLLDLTWLEKLLPKTI
                     SQHQISTSIITSTQKGMIKLYFLSFFFPLILTLLLIT"
     gene            complement(14149..14673)
                     /gene="ND6"
                     /synonym="MTND6"
                     /nomenclature="Official Symbol: MT-ND6 | Name:
                     mitochondrially encoded NADH dehydrogenase 6 | Provided
                     by: HGNC:7462"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:4541"

                     /db_xref="HGNC:7462"
     CDS             complement(14149..14673)
                     /gene="ND6"
                     /note="NADH dehydrogenase, subunit 6 (complex I)"
                     /codon_start=1
                     /transl_table=2
                     /product="NADH dehydrogenase subunit 6"
                     /protein_id="AP_000650.1"

                     /db_xref="GI:58615674"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:4541"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:7462"
                     /translation="MMYALFLLSVGLVMGFVGFSSKPSPIYGGLVLIVSGVVGCVIIL
                     NFGGGYMGLMVFLIYLGGMMVVFGYTTAMAIEEYPEAWGSGVEVLVSVLVGLAMEVGL
                     VLWVKEYDGVVVVVNFNSVGSWMIYEGEGSGLIREDPIGAGALYDYGRWLVVVTGWTL
                     FVGVYIVIEIARGN"
     gene            complement(14674..14742)
                     /gene="TRNE"

                     /synonym="MTTE"
                     /nomenclature="Official Symbol: MT-TE | Name:
                     mitochondrially encoded tRNA glutamic acid | Provided by:
                     HGNC:7479"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:4556"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:7479"
     tRNA            complement(14674..14742)
                     /gene="TRNE"

                     /product="tRNA-Glu"
                     /note="NAR: 0697"
                     /anticodon=(pos:complement(14710..14712),aa:Glu)
                     /codon_recognized="GAA"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:4556"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:7479"

     gene            14747..15887
                     /gene="CYTB"
                     /synonym="MTCYB"
                     /nomenclature="Official Symbol: MT-CYB | Name:
                     mitochondrially encoded cytochrome b | Provided by:
                     HGNC:7427"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:4519"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:7427"

     CDS             14747..15887
                     /gene="CYTB"
                     /note="TAA stop codon is completed by the addition of 3' A
                     residues to the mRNA"
                     /codon_start=1
                     /transl_except=(pos:15887,aa:TERM)
                     /transl_table=2
                     /product="cytochrome b"
                     /protein_id="AP_000651.3"
                     /db_xref="GI:193885685"

                     /db_xref="GeneID:4519"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:7427"
                     /translation="MTPMRKTNPLMKLINHSFIDLPTPSNISAWWNFGSLLGACLILQ
                     ITTGLFLAMHYSPDASTAFSSIAHITRDVNYGWIIRYLHANGASMFFICLFLHIGRGL
                     YYGSFLYSETWNIGIILLLATMATAFMGYVLPWGQMSFWGATVITNLLSAIPYIGTDL
                     VQWIWGGYSVDSPTLTRFFTFHFILPFIIAALATLHLLFLHETGSNNPLGITSHSDKI
                     TFHPYYTIKDALGLLLFLLSLMTLTLFSPDLLGDPDNYTLANPLNTPPHIKPEWYFLF
                     AYTILRSVPNKLGGVLALLLSILILAMIPILHMSKQQSMMFRPLSQSLYWLLAADLLI
                     LTWIGGQPVSYPFTIIGQVASVLYFTTILILMPTISLIENKMLKWA"
     gene            15888..15953
                     /gene="TRNT"
                     /synonym="MTTT"

                     /nomenclature="Official Symbol: MT-TT | Name:
                     mitochondrially encoded tRNA threonine | Provided by:
                     HGNC:7499"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:4576"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:7499"
     tRNA            15888..15953
                     /gene="TRNT"
                     /product="tRNA-Thr"

                     /note="NAR: 1797"
                     /anticodon=(pos:15919..15921,aa:Thr)
                     /codon_recognized="ACA"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:4576"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:7499"
     gene            complement(15956..16023)
                     /gene="TRNP"

                     /synonym="MTTP"
                     /nomenclature="Official Symbol: MT-TP | Name:
                     mitochondrially encoded tRNA proline | Provided by:
                     HGNC:7494"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:4571"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:7494"
     tRNA            complement(15956..16023)
                     /gene="TRNP"

                     /product="tRNA-Pro"
                     /note="NAR: 1597"
                     /anticodon=(pos:complement(15990..15992),aa:Pro)
                     /codon_recognized="CCA"
                     /db_xref="GeneID:4571"
                     /db_xref="HGNC:7494"
Topic revision: r5 - 16 May 2019, MarieLott

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