The Human Mitochondrial Genetic Code
This web page is part of Mitomap, a human mitochondrial database.
Translations: ATP6, ATP8, ND1, ND2, ND3, ND4, ND4L, ND5, ND6, CO1, CO2, CO3, CytB
| Phe F |
UUU UUC |
Thr T |
ACU ACC ACA ACG |
Asp D |
GAU GAC |
||
| Leu (1) L (UUA/G) |
UUA UUG |
Ala A |
GCU GCC GCA GCG |
Glu E |
GAA GAG |
||
| Leu (2) L (CUN)
|
CUU CUC CUA CUG |
Tyr Y |
UAU UAC |
Cys C |
UGU UGC |
||
| Ile I |
AUU* AUC |
Ter |
UAA UAG |
Trp W |
UGA UGG |
||
| Met M |
AUA AUG |
His H |
CAU CAC |
Arg R |
CGU CGC CGA CGG |
||
| Val V |
GUU GUC GUA GUG |
Gln Q |
CAA CAG |
Ser (2) S (AGU/C) |
AGU AGC |
||
| Ser (1) S (UCN) |
UCU UCC UCA UCG |
Asn N |
AAU AAC |
Ter |
AGA AGG |
||
| Pro P |
CCU CCC CCA CCG |
Lys K |
AAA AAG |
Gly G |
GGU GGC GGA GGG |
Note that, unlike the universal code, UGA codes for tryptophan instead of termination, AUA codes for methionine instead of isoleucine, and AGA and AGG are terminators instead of coding for arginine.
* AUU codes for isoleucine during elongation but can code for methionine
for initiation (ND2) See
Fearnley & Walker (1987) and Peabody (1989).
Anderson, S., Bankier, A.T., Barrell, B.G., de Bruijn, M.H., Coulson, A.R., Drouin, J., Eperon, I.C., Nierlich, D.P., Roe, B.A., Sanger, F., Schreier, P.H., Smith, A.J., Staden, R. and Young, I.G. (1981). "Sequence and organization of the human mitochondrial genome." Nature 290(5806):457-465.
Barrell, B.G., Anderson, S., Bankier, A.T., de Bruijn, M.H., Chen, E., Coulson, A.R., Drouin, J., Eperon, I.C., Nierlich, D.P., Roe, B.A., Sanger, F., Schreier, P.H., Smith, A.J., Staden, R. and Young, I.G. (1980). "Different pattern of codon recognition by mammalian mitochondrial tRNAs." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 77(6):3164-3166.
Barrell, B.G., Bankier, A.T. and Drouin, J. (1979). "A different genetic code in human mitochondria." Nature 282(5735):189-194.
Fearnley, I. M. and Walker, J. E. (1987). "Initiation codons in mammalian mitochondria: differences in genetic code in the organelle." Biochemistry 26(25):8247-8251.
Knight, R.D., Freeland, S.J. and Landweber, L.F. (2001). "Rewiring the keyboard: evolvability of the genetic code." Nature Reviews Genetics 2(1):49-58.
Knight, R.D., Landweber, L.F. and Yarus, M. (2001). "How mitochondria redefine the code." Journal of Molecular Evolution 53(4-5):299-313.
Peabody, D. S. (1989). "Translation initiation at non-AUG triplets in mammalian cells." Journal of Biological Chemistry 264(9):5031-5035.
Yokobori, S., Suzuki, T. and Watanabe, K. (2001). "Genetic code variations in mitochondria: tRNA as a major determinant of genetic code plasticity." Journal of Molecular Evolution 53(4-5):314-326.
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