MITOMAP: Mitochondrial DNA Base Substitution Diseases: rRNA/tRNA Mutations with Cfrm Status
Last Edited: Oct 01, 2024
For Mitomap to assign a status of "Cfrm" to a possibly pathogenic variant, we look for confirming reports which address the criteria outlined in Mitchell et al 2006, Yarham et al 2011, Wong 2007, and Gonzalez-Viogue et al 2014. These criteria include the following: (1) independent reports of two or more unrelated families with evidence of similar disease; (2) evolutionary conservation of the nucleotide (for RNA variants) or amino acid (for coding variants); (3) presence of heteroplasmy; (4) correlation of variant with phenotype / segregation of the mutation with the disease within a family; (5) biochemical defects in complexes I, III, or IV in affected or multiple tissues; (6) functional studies showing differential defects segregating with the mutation (cybrid or single fiber studies); (7) histochemical evidence of a mitochondrial disorder; and (8) for fatal or severe phenotypes, the absence or extremely rare occurrence of the variant in large mtDNA sequence databases. For the exact scoring systems of Yarham et al 2011 and Mitchell et al 2006, please see the respective papers above. A new scoring system is under development for these criteria, and will be linked here once published.
When investigating a novel variant or a variant of uncertain significance (VUS) in cases of suspected mitochondrial disease, further studies which address any or all of the above criteria are strongly recommended. We encourage publication of such case reports as they are extremely helpful to the mitochondrial research community.
The GB frequency data in Mitomap is derived from 61124 GenBank sequences with size greater than 15.4kbp and 80432 Control Region sequences with size 0.4-1.6kbp. These sequences have been pre-loaded into Mitomaster and represent almost all haplogroups known to date. We will be updating and refining this set of sequences on a regular basis. As a caveat, please note that GenBank sequences may not be of equal quality (Yao, et al, 2009), that some of these sequences are from individuals with past, current or future disease, and that this portion of our data set has not been hand-curated by Mitomap.
For more details about the current GenBank sequence set, please see GB Frequency Info.
For information about the predictive MitoTIP scoring for tRNA variants, see MitoTIP Info.
† MitoTIP:
confirmed pathogenic
likely pathogenic
possibly pathogenic
possibly benign
likely benign
frequency alert
For information about the predictive MitoTIP scoring for tRNA variants, please see MitoTIP Info.
♣ ClinGen Pathogenicity RatingNEW
As a member of the mtDNA Variant Curation Expert Panel for ClinGen, we are adding the calculated ClinGen pathogenicity ratings after VCEP curation. This will be shown in brackets in the Status column, for example, "Reported [VUS]", "Cfrm [LP]", etc., as the ClinGen scoring becomes available. The ClinGen VCEP may update this scoring from time to time if additional supporting evidence is published. The following abbreviations are used: B, Benign; LB, Likely Benign; VUS, Variant of Uncertain Significance; LP, Likely Pathogenic; P, Pathogenic. The criteria used in the ClinGen curations may be found in McCormick et al, 2020, DOI: 10.1002/humu.24107. Note that the ClinGen scoring gives fewer points than Mitomap does for many types of evidence, e.g., cybrid & other functional studies, in-silico tools, absence in large databases, heteroplasmy, de-novo requirements, and case numbers.
Notes
LHON
Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy
MM
Mitochondrial Myopathy
AD
Alzeimer's Disease
LIMM
Lethal Infantile Mitochondrial Myopathy
ADPD
Alzeimer's Disease and Parkinsons's Disease
MMC
Maternal Myopathy and Cardiomyopathy
NARP
Neurogenic muscle weakness, Ataxia, and Retinitis Pigmentosa; alternate phenotype at this locus is reported as Leigh Disease
FICP
Fatal Infantile Cardiomyopathy Plus, a MELAS-associated cardiomyopathy
MELAS
Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathy, Lactic Acidosis, and Stroke-like episodes
LDYT
Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy and DYsTonia
MERRF
Myoclonic Epilepsy and Ragged Red Muscle Fibers
MHCM
Maternally inherited Hypertrophic CardioMyopathy
CPEO
Chronic Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia
KSS
Kearns Sayre Syndrome
DM
Diabetes Mellitus
DMDF
Diabetes Mellitus + DeaFness
CIPO
Chronic Intestinal Pseudoobstruction with myopathy and Ophthalmoplegia
DEAF
Maternally inherited DEAFness or aminoglycoside-induced DEAFness
PEM
Progressive encephalopathy
SNHL
SensoriNeural Hearing Loss
Homoplasmy = pure mutant mtDNAs.
Heteroplasmy = mixture of mutant and normal mtDNAs.
nd = not determined.
"Reported" status indicates that one or more publications have considered the mutation as possibly pathologic. This is not an assignment of pathogenicity by MITOMAP but is a report of literature. Previously, mutations with this status were termed "Prov" (provisional).
"Cfrm"(confirmed) status indicates that at least two or more independent laboratories have published reports on the pathogenicity of a specific mutation. These mutations are generally accepted by the mitochondrial research community as being pathogenic. A status of "Cfrm" is not an assignment of pathogenicity by MITOMAP but is a report of published literature. Researchers and clinicians are cautioned that additional data and/or analysis may still be necessary to confirm the pathological significance of some of these mutations.
"P.M." (point mutation/polymorphism) status indicates that some published reports have determined the mutation to be a non-pathogenic polymorphism.